BioConcepts

factors of evolutionEvolutionsfaktoren (ger.)

• definition needed!
  category evolution

  1864

  Leaving out […] the imaginary factors of evolution […] and looking only at the one actual factor which Dr Darwin and Lamarck assign as accounting for some of the phenomena

  Spencer, H. (1864). The Principles of Biology, vol. 1: 409.

  1864

  Permutational factors of evolution [...] Multiplicative factors of evolution

  Doherty, H. (1864). Organic Philosophy; Or, Man`s True Place in Nature, 5 vols.: I, iii.

  1877

  There seem to be internal as well as external factors of evolution. Again, the internal factors may be either in the form of tendencies to change or of resistance to change.

  Leconte, J. (1877). On critical periods in the history of the earth, and their relation to evolution. Amer. Nat. 11, 540-57: 547.

  1888

  certain factors of evolution

  Packard, A.S. (1888). On certain factors of evolution. Amer. Nat. 22, 808-21.

  1891

  The usually recognised factors of evolution are at least five; viz.: (1) Pressure of a changing environment affecting function and function affecting structure, and the changed structure and function inherited and integrated through successive generations indefinitely. (2) Use and disuse of organs reacting on growth-force and producing change in form, structure, and relative size of parts, and such change inherited and integrated through successive generations. (3) Natural selection among individuals of a varying progeny, of those most in accord with an ever-changing environment – or as it has been otherwise called »survival of the fittest« in each successive generation. (4) Sexual selection: the selection by the female, among varying male individuals all competing for her possession, of the strongest or the most attractive. Among mammals the selection is mainly of the strongest as decided by battle; among birds, of the most attractive as determined by splendor of color or beauty of song. (5) Physiological selection, or selection of those varieties, the individuals of which are fertile among themselves, but sterile or less fertile with other varieties and with the parent stock.

  Leconte, J. (1891). The factors of evolution. The Monist 1, 321-35: 321. 

  1891

  All the factors of Evolution interact. Variation and Repetition in inheritance are in constant relation with every other factor. Thus we can accumulate facts as to variations per se, but if our observation and induction enable us to formulate certain laws, these will always involve at least two factors,–i.e., Variation as related to Environment, Variation as related to the life-history of individual organisms, Variation as related to Inheritance, Variation as related to Natural Selection.

  Osborn, H.F. (1891). Are acquired variations inherited? American Naturalist 25, 191-216: 198.

  1891

  one of the most irresistible of evolutionary factors–the inter-relation and combination of functions, incessantly modified and thus incessantly corrected by the »environment«

  Welby [Lady] (1891). An apparent paradox in mental evolution. J. Anthropol. Inst. Great Brit. Ireland 20, 304-29: 327.

  1897

  in only relatively few cases can we suppose these evolutionary factors to have intervened in behalf of morbid states

  Welch, W.H. (1897). Adaptation in pathological processes. Science 5, 813-32: 832; cf. 816.

  1938

  Integrierende Faktoren der Evolution

  Schmalhausen, I.I. (1938). Integrierende Faktoren der Evolution. Die Natur, Nr. 6 (russ.); cf. id. (1946). Die Evolutionsfaktoren (russ.; engl.: Factors of Evolution. The Theory of Stabilizing Selection, 1949).

  1939

  Die Mutabilität und die Populationswellen liefern das Evolutionsmaterial, die Selektion und die Isolation bilden die richtenden Evolutionsfaktoren

  Timoféeff-Ressovsky, N.W. (1939). Genetik und Evolution. Z. indukt. Abst.- Vererbungsl. 76, 158-218: 205; cf. Junker, T. (2004). Die zweite Darwinsche Revolution. Geschichte des synthetischen Darwinismus in Deutschland 1924 bis 1950: 268.

  1940

  Hiermit haben wir eine Seite des [...] als dritten Evolutionsfaktor erwähnten Zufalls kennengelernt.

  Ludwig, L. (1940). Selektion und Stammesentwicklung. Naturwiss. 28, 689-705: 695.

  1942

  factors of evolution

  Mayr, E. (1942). Systematics and the Origin of Species: 10.

  1947

  Zusammenfassende Darstellungen der letzten Jahre, speziell solcher von seiten der Genetiker, lassen erkennen, daß die sogenannte „Mikroevolution“ allgemein nur auf das Zusammenwirken folgender Faktoren zurückgeführt wird: 1. Mutation, 2. Schwankungen in der Populationsgröße, 3. Isolationsvorgänge, 4. Selektionsvorgänge. […] alle besprochenen Evolutionsfaktoren [sind] zumeist in verschiedenartigen Kombinationen wirksam. […] Ein letzter Evolutionsfaktor ist schließlich mit der Bastardisierung von Rassen gegeben, wie sie durch sekundäre Berührung von ehemals stärker getrennten Arealen auftreten

  Rensch, B. (1947). Neuere Probleme der Abstammungslehre. Die transspezifische Evolution: 3; 13.

  1950

  Die moderne Selektionstheorie arbeitet mit vier Evolutionsfaktoren: Mutabilität, Selektion, Abweichungen von der Panmixie (Inzucht, Homogamie, Isolation) und Zufall.

  Ludwig, W. (1950). Zur Theorie der Konkurrenz. Die Annidation (Einnischung) als fünfter Evolutionsfaktor. In: Neue Ergebnisse und Probleme der Zoologie (= Klatt-Festschrift; printed since 1944), 516-537: 535.

  1959

  Isolation as an evolutionary factor

  Mayr, E. (1959). Isolation as an evolutionary factor. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 103, 221-230.